The evolution of McGregors Theory X and Theory Y in relation to the development of management theory

Introduction New challenges were created in the 19th century due to the emergence of the industrial revolution. Among these challenges was the need to increase the effectiveness of the workforce. Therefore, creative thinkers in the early ages suggested theories that they believed if applied would result in higher management efficiency. Such theories were based on the fundamental belief that employees should be actively supervised and monitored (Gurey Junnark 2008).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The evolution of McGregor’s Theory X and Theory Y in relation to the development of management theory specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, Douglas McGregor challenged this notion through his extensive work where he established two theories that defined the assumption held about employees’ attitude towards work. These assumptions automatically influenced the workers productivity (Kopelman, Prottas, Dav is 2008; Tatham, Waldaman Bennis 2010). It is therefore important to examine them in order to determine if they are practical or not, especially in the 21st Century. Theory X and Theory Y Douglas McGregor, a prominent figure in the evolution of management theory, made significant contribution in behavioural theory. In 1960 he suggested a radical change in the belief and perception managers had about their employees (Kopelman, Prottas Davis 2008). Whereas the previous theories had suggested the need for employees to be controlled and guided authoritatively, McGregor thought otherwise. He outlined that managers should instead adopt a motivator and role model approach hence moulding the desired employee behaviour (Tatham, Waldaman Bennis 2010). Unfortunately, He established that most managers perceive their employees negatively; He categorized this kind of assumption under Theory X (classical system theory). Manager ascribing to this assumption generally believe that most employees, despise work, are automatically lazy and hence unproductive (Kopelman, Prottas Davis 2008; Stohl 2008; Tatham, Waldaman Bennis 2010). As opposed to these assumptions, McGregor believed that the general intention of most employees is to be more productive. This assumption commonly referred to as theory Y (human relation) contradicted theory X notion; employees inherently hate working (Stohl 2008). Conventional view or what is referred as theory X exposed the underlying assumptions that surrounded the scientific era which the management practiced at the time, was evolving from. Here, effective management included harnessing the power of human labour to achieve organizational effectiveness.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The manager could achieve this through effectively; organizing all elements of production. Such elements included natural resources, machinery and equipmen t, money, people among others. Very important to note is that the process of managing people involved keenly directing and controlling their efforts and actions to suit the organization’s needs (Gurey Junnark 2008). According to this theory, failure to intervene constantly would result in undesirable outcome. This is because; workers here are viewed as lazy, irresponsible, un-ambitious and self-centred (Kopelman, Prottas Davis 2008). Due to this nature they may be passive and at times resistant to any initiative directed towards achieving organizational goals (Stohl 2008). Therefore managers could adopt the use of rewards and punishment to mould the appropriate behaviour. McGregor study (cited in Stohl 2008) established management practice and policies at the time reflected these assumptions, and as mentioned earlier, employees acted in the expected undesirable manner. The natural response of managers was to be more stringent and consequently the employees reacted to it, re sulting in a viscous cycle (Gurey Junnark 2008). Therefore, McGregor confirmed that expectations defines and to a great extent, dictates human behaviour. Moreover, he ascertained that the assumptions managers had on their employees would determine how they interacted with them. Only when managers take into consideration human nature would they enjoy effective co-operation resulting in an organizational economic achievement. Therefore he developed theory Y, which was based on the principle that managers are in charge of organizing functions. However, workers do not naturally posses negative attitude towards work, their negative reaction usually result from their past un-favourable experiences with the organization. Hence, managers need not control them actively and influence their actions; instead they need to create conducive working environment. With that in place, people will simply work to satisfy their ego, what Maslow referred as self-actualization (Stohl 2008; Tatham, Waldama n, Bennis 2010) On the other hand, theory X is inapplicable to 21st Century managers. In fact scientific management where most of its assumptions were derived from was phased out as a result of its ineffectiveness. Currently applying it would imply that managers should spend most of their time policing staff. Consequently, no creativity or independence would be expected on the part of the employee. Clearly, this indicates that nobody really would be in charge of adopting innovation or any other initiative that would advance the organization; both the managers and workers would be pre-occupied by routines.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The evolution of McGregor’s Theory X and Theory Y in relation to the development of management theory specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Nevertheless, current managers need an intellectual approach, or an effective theory, to guide them through the process. The theory should act as the first step in defining their assumptions and attitude about people. Consequently, they should align this theory with actual actions. Striving to ensure they act in accordance with it. It is at this stage where theory Y becomes effective (Gurey Junnark 2008). Currently organizations need people as much as-or even more than-they need them. Successful organizations like apple Inc, Google among others, can attest to the fact that their employees creativity boosted by the confidence they hold in them, has significantly contributed to their success. To an important extent, managers at such organizations subscribe to Theory Y philosophy and hence encourage employees to apply their skills voluntarily to combat the challenging business environment (Tatham, Waldaman Bennis 2010). Nevertheless, even McGregor (cited in Stohl 2008) acknowledged that this is not an easy route. He emphasised on one to start by examining one’s thought; a step avoided by most managers (Heil, Ben nis and Stephens 2000). Nevertheless they insist that managers should view McGregor’s works as a framework to use for accomplishing their mission. Conclusion The contribution of Douglas McGregor to the management evolution cannot be overlooked. His works suggested new ways which managers could adopt as means of achieving more efficiency. Theory X, which is one of his theories, elaborated the perception managers hold on their subordinates. It was heavily influenced by the scientific management era that the business environment was emerging from. The negative assumptions about workers’ attitude underpinned in this theory are considered self-fulfilling. In addition, managers holding on to this school of thought hinder their employee from becoming creative, innovative and independent, just to mention a few. On the brighter side, McGregor viewed employees more positively. In his suggestion labelled Theory Y he saw employees as generally possessing positive attitude towards work. The negative reaction is usually as a result of the un-conducive working environment, aggravated by poor management practices. By examining McGregor’s work, it becomes apparent theory Y would be the most appropriate for 21st century managers. The success of current organizations will highly depend on how they treat their workforce. Reference List Heil,G, Bennis, W, Stephens, D 2000, Douglas McGregor Revisited: Managing The  Human Side of Enterprise, John Wiley Sons, N. Y.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Gurey, J, Junnark, GM 2008, Management Theory: Contemporary Approach,  McGraw, N.Y. Kopelman, RE, Prottas, DJ Davis, AL 2008, ‘Douglas McGregor’s Theory X and Y: toward a construct-valid measure’, Journal of Managerial Issues, vol. 20, no. 2, Summer, pp. 255-271, retrieved ABI Inform database. Stohl, M 2008, Understanding Management from McGregor View Point, Elsevier, Oxford. Tatham, K, Waldaman, H Bennis 2010, ‘Using Douglas McGregor Theoretical Model to Achieve Management Effectiveness in the 21ST Century’ Academic  leadership Journal, vol.13, no. 12, pp 212-243. This essay on The evolution of McGregor’s Theory X and Theory Y in relation to the development of management theory was written and submitted by user Tinley Forbes to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on Flannery OConner

Flannery O’Connor’s works are influenced by her real life. She was a deeply religious woman who also had a disease called Lupus, which actually ended her life at a young age of 39. I think she displayed her own traits in the stories she wrote in each story there was a main character who was either extremely religious or had some kind of medical ailment. "A Good Man Is Hard To Find" This story involves a family on a trip to Florida to visit relatives. The family consists of a mother, father, son, daughter, baby and a grandmother. The parents don't really pay attention to the babbling old grandmother; their values seem to be extremely different than hers. The grandmother has a strong southern heritage. Even the way, in which she dresses, she wants everyone to know that she's a lady. I think her values represent some of the values of O’Connor. The grandmother had her son take a detour to show the whole family a plantation she had once visited as a child. Once they were on their way she suddenly remembered that it was in an entirely different state! She got so embarrassed she jumped up knocked over the cat carrier, the cat jumped on her son's shoulder (who was driving) and they ended up in a ditch. When someone finally stopped to help, the grandmother went on and on about how familiar he looked. When she discovered that it was The Misfit all hell broke loos e. She single-handedly was responsible for the death of her entire family. This is the part of the story was where all the religion came into play. The Misfit represents evil and I noted how O’Connor capitalized "The Misfit" every time like you would capitalize God. At one point he compares himself to Christ and she said, "Jesus was the only One that ever raised the dead". (O’Connor, 459) He thinks that himself and Christ were both punished for crimes they didn't commit. The only problem I saw was that Christ accepted death for the sins of all people whereas The Misfit... Free Essays on Flannery O'Conner Free Essays on Flannery O'Conner Flannery O’Conner Flannery (Mary) O’Connor was an American writer, whose novels and short stories focused on humanities spiritual problems and the non-existent care for redemption earned her a unique place in 20th-century American fiction. She was born in Savannah, Georgia, she was educated at the Georgia State College for Women and the State University of Iowa (now we know it as University of Iowa). Most of her life was spent in Milledgeville, Georgia, where she raised peacocks and wrote. O'Connor's work, essentially two novels and two volumes of short stories, has been described as an unlikely mixture of southern Gothic, prophecy, and evangelistic Roman Catholicism. The novels are Wise Blood (1952) and The Violent Bear It Away (1960); the short-story collections are A Good Man Is Hard to Find (1955) and Everything that Rises Must Converge (published posthumously, 1965). O'Connor is frequently compared to the American novelist William Faulkner for her portrayal of southern character and milieu and to the Austrian writer Franz Kafnka for her preoccupation with gross things that most don’t like to think about. A basic theme of her work is the individual's vain attempt to escape the grace of God, and her work is profoundly and pervasively religious. She died of lupus, a disease that crippled her for the last ten years of her life. We of course know her best (or at least I do) for her short story A Good Man is Hard to Find (!955). A Good Man is Hard to Find is consistent with Mary Flannery O'Connor's view that contemporary society was drastically changing for the worse. O'Connor's obvious displeasure with society at the time has often been attributed to her Catholic religion, her studies in the social science field, and the fact that the celebrated lifestyles of the elite southern whites were "Gone with the Wind.† Evidence of society's "demise" is woven into the story, and presented through an interesting generation ga... Free Essays on Flannery O'Conner Flannery O’Connor’s works are influenced by her real life. She was a deeply religious woman who also had a disease called Lupus, which actually ended her life at a young age of 39. I think she displayed her own traits in the stories she wrote in each story there was a main character who was either extremely religious or had some kind of medical ailment. "A Good Man Is Hard To Find" This story involves a family on a trip to Florida to visit relatives. The family consists of a mother, father, son, daughter, baby and a grandmother. The parents don't really pay attention to the babbling old grandmother; their values seem to be extremely different than hers. The grandmother has a strong southern heritage. Even the way, in which she dresses, she wants everyone to know that she's a lady. I think her values represent some of the values of O’Connor. The grandmother had her son take a detour to show the whole family a plantation she had once visited as a child. Once they were on their way she suddenly remembered that it was in an entirely different state! She got so embarrassed she jumped up knocked over the cat carrier, the cat jumped on her son's shoulder (who was driving) and they ended up in a ditch. When someone finally stopped to help, the grandmother went on and on about how familiar he looked. When she discovered that it was The Misfit all hell broke loos e. She single-handedly was responsible for the death of her entire family. This is the part of the story was where all the religion came into play. The Misfit represents evil and I noted how O’Connor capitalized "The Misfit" every time like you would capitalize God. At one point he compares himself to Christ and she said, "Jesus was the only One that ever raised the dead". (O’Connor, 459) He thinks that himself and Christ were both punished for crimes they didn't commit. The only problem I saw was that Christ accepted death for the sins of all people whereas The Misfit...

Patient Autonomy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

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Domestic Poverty Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Domestic Poverty - Research Paper Example All these are to assist in understanding domestic poverty and how it occurs as well as the possible ways in which it can be resolved. Various scholars have studied the issue of domestic poverty both in the context of the United States and in the context of other countries. One of such scholars are Danziger & Haveman (2001), who studies and tried to understand various parameters of domestic poverty in the United States as well as how it has been growing since the times of the World War II. Collier & Dollar (2002) discovered that strengthening domestic institutions and policies regarding national wealth could be a useful tool in dealing with domestic poverty. Imig (1996) brought out some of the issues that make anti-poverty groups unable to effectively deal with poverty. However, there are very few attempts made to explain possible solutions to the issue of domestic poverty and this is what makes this research very important. In this research paper, I mainly rely on the information fro m the internet as my major source of information. In this paper, papers written on previous research about domestic poverty are used. To make the information derived from this research more accurate, I have relied mainly on most up-to-date books and research journals written about poverty. This is what we call use of secondary data in a research finding and it is widely used by researchers in their research due to its advantages. One of the major advantages of this kind of research method that has made me to choose it in my research is that it is inexpensive to undertake since it does not require data collection procedures. In my research, I was able to obtain different factors thought to have played a major part in contributing to domestic poverty. According to CQ Researcher (2007), one of the factors, that fuel poverty in the United States is Katrina devastation. Hurricane Katrina coused major destructions in the United States (Brunsma, Overfelt & Picou, 2007). Another factor is c oming in of foreigners especially from poor developing countries and the education inconsistencies among the American citizens. Another factor that has played a very great part in causing domestic poverty is the increasing gap between the rich people and the poor people. This has actually made most of the American to continue suffering in poverty despite their hard work in attempt to earn a living. In my research I also found out that, most poor people are women and among these women a greater percentage are single parents. I also found out that majority of the poor people are not educated beyond high school levels. Moreover, according to 2006 national census, majority of people living in poverty are the children and the old people (CQ Research, 2007). We also discovered that majority of the areas are most affect by domestic poverty are the southern regions of the country. In these regions, the cash allocated to antipoverty programs is very little in comparison to the poverty levels in those regions. The possible solutions to the problem of domestic poverty are actually any activity that can eliminate a cause of the domestic poverty or activities that empower the affected people. Since the majority of people affected by poverty are women, we can have gender empowerment of these women as one of the possible solutions to the problem of domestic poverty. The reason why I have identified this as a possible

Government investigation of suspected terrorists Essay

Government investigation of suspected terrorists - Essay Example The government is tasked with the responsibility of ensuring the safety of its citizens and all investments within a country. Without adequate intelligence and data collection on suspected terrorists, it is impossible to prevent any terrorist attack. Without this ability, a government would lose its stability and its citizens would lose confidence in it, a recipe for social unrest. Everyone has right to privacy and civil liberty, but preventive measures should always be put in place to achieve a certain degree of safety. Monitoring the personal lives of terrorists ensure that any terrorism plans are detected early and stopped before any considerable damage is done. It also ensures that their accomplices, supporters, and financiers are identified and dealt with according to the law. Terrorism preventive strategies have the potential to cause harassment of innocent civilians and immigrants. Hence, the government should be obligated to be accountable for its actions at all times. Prying into anybody’s personal life should be done only when it is utterly necessary and for security

Managing Of The Activities To Achieve Results Commerce Essay

Managing Of The Activities To Achieve Results Commerce Essay The challenge facing business and society in the 21st century is how to use resources more efficiently. Every business large or small needs to consider carefully: how to reduce its use of energy How to minimize waste. The central economic problem is how to match finite resources with unlimited wants. With the demand for resources rising as the world economy grows this is becoming more of a challenge. Leading global companies like Anglo American strive to find new solutions to this problem every day. Anglo American is one of the worlds largest mining companies. Its portfolio of mining businesses spans precious metals and minerals in which it is a global leader in platinum and diamonds, base metals (copper and nickel) and bulk commodities (iron ore, metallurgical coal and thermal coal). The companys mining operations and extensive pipeline of growth projects are located in southern Africa, South America, Australia, North America and Asia. The purpose of the organization is set out in a mission statement. To be the leading global mining company through the operational excellence of world class assets in the most attractive commodities and a resolute commitment to safe and sustainable mining. In 2008 there was a downturn in world economic activity. This resulted from a loss of confidence in the world financial system. The downturn led to a steep fall in commodity prices such as coal, copper and platinum. By late 2009 these prices started to rise again as demand for commodities increased. Sustainability Although mining companies are affected by changes in economic activity, mining is a long-term investment business. Firms like Anglo American have to take a long term view of the business. This involves extracting commodities in a sustainable way over a long period of time. The company focuses on those commodities in which it has a favorable position. It concentrates on larger mines where extraction will be possible for many years into the future. It also looks at mining projects where costs can be kept to a minimum but where there are opportunities to expand operations. There are several issues of sustainability facing Anglo American. Key ones are: securing energy supplies, such as electricity and resources including water, for the future Managing emissions to minimize harm. Anglo American uses large quantities of energy in its operations. It also generates the potential for energy, e.g. by producing coal to generate power stations. A key aim of the company therefore is to do more with less. It must achieve maximum efficiency with minimum waste. Anglo American believes that by operating in innovative and socially responsible ways it can do things better than its rivals. Doing things better in business is referred to as competitive advantage. Social responsibilities are those duties to all the stakeholders of a business, not just the shareholders. Embedded within social responsibility is the concept of sustainable development. Sustainable development involves using resources so that: resources are available to meet the needs of people now resources can be available to future generations The needs of the natural environment are respected. Mission statement of the Anglo American Chairmans Fund To be the leading corporate donor in South Africa, through growing an informed understanding of the countrys developmental challenges, to apply the resources at its disposal to maximum effect in supporting and adding value to practical interventions, creating new opportunity and addressing urgent social needs. Corporate social investment (CSI) is an integral part of Anglo American South Africas business. It strives to strengthen the economy and better the lives of disadvantaged communities through projects that lead to infrastructural development, enhanced health and education, improved quality of life and a balanced ecosystem. The Anglo American Chairmans Fund supports projects throughout South Africa and these are grouped in a programmatic approach to ensure higher impact for beneficiaries and optimal use of resources. TASK 2 OPERATIONAL PLANS Aims and objectives Businesses need to have clear aims to work towards. Aims are the long term intentions of a business. They provide a focus for its activities. Anglo Americans aims are clearly set out in its mission. The aims involve a triple bottom line. Anglo Americans triple bottom line measures its economic, social and environmental performance. Anglo American seeks to balance the triple bottom line across all its activities projects and operations. This would translate into: making a profit for shareholders providing returns to society by providing jobs or showing responsibility in international, national and local communities Minimizing any negative effects on the natural environment. Every business needs to break down its broad aims into more specific objectives. Objectives are the medium-term stepping stones that help a business achieve its aims. For Anglo American, these include: SMART objectives Businesses need to set out their objectives in ways that are clear and easy to measure. Using SMART objectives makes it easy to assess whether targets have been met. Specific relating to clearly identifiable targets, for example, to be the partner of choice for governments. Measurable set out in ways that can be measured. Examples include cost reductions, waste reductions or energy efficiency targets. Achievable objectives should not involve unrealistic targets. They should not be set too low either. Anglo American believes that making cost savings of $1 billion by 2011 is an ambitious yet achievable target. Relevant the objectives should relate to key business or corporate aims. For Anglo American this means using resources more sustainably. Time-framed giving a clear deadline or end point by which the objective needs to have been achieved. TASK 3 QUALITY SYSTEM A number of factors affect the research and development process. Cost is perhaps the most influential factor. Research does not come cheaply; introducing new technologies is expensive. Investment may be needed for a long time before introduction. It is important that there is a return on investment from the new products or processes once they are launched in order to justify the expenditure on research and development. Changing technologies are another influence upon product or process development. They provide Anglo American with a different way of meeting the needs of its customers. Changing technologies also have a long-term influence upon planning. Such developments may lead to new processes and the sharing of technologies through technology transfer across the Group. For example, the design and development of a new electro-hydraulic rig has reduced the time needed to drill mine shafts. New developments in conserving and recycling water have made it possible for Anglo American to mine in arid regions of Africa and Australia. It is also important that primary sector organizations develop their businesses responsibly. Anglo Americans business depends on it extracting raw materials from the earth. Anglo American takes a clear and positive approach to corporate social responsibility. Sustainable development is built into all its policies, strategies and business practices. For example, the company has developed a Socio Economic Assessment Toolbox. This set of procedures, advice and rules helps to ensure a responsible approach to operating in communities. Every decision is assessed for its economic, social and environmental impacts. This ensures that natural resources will continue to be available for future generations. TASK 4 MANAGE HEALTH AND SAFETY Aims and objectives set out the ends that firms are seeking to achieve. A strategy is the medium- to long-term plan by which the aims and objectives are met. Anglo Americans strategy is to create ways of working within the company that focus on sustainable development and balancing the triple bottom line. Values Anglo American has six guiding values. The values help to create a culture focusing on sustainability. The culture of an organization is the typical pattern of behaviours and beliefs held by its members. The culture affects the attitudes, management styles and decisions made by the staff. An important way in which a firm can shape this culture is by setting out a values statement. This clarifies what the organization believes in. For example, the safety of people is a core value of Anglo American. The goal is that of causing zero harm. Everyone in the organization understands the importance of working to reduce energy use and waste creation. Strategic programs In addition, Anglo American has a range of strategic programs designed to develop innovative ways to use new technology. The result is reduced energy use and fewer emissions. Some of the programmers are specific to a particular site. Others work across the organization. Examples of these strategic programs include: Investing in carbon capture technology. Coal fired power stations generate carbon dioxide emissions. New technology can be used to capture this carbon before release into the atmosphere. It can then be stored safely, e.g. underground. Investing in alternative energy such as wind power. Creating plans and actions for recycling water. Centralizing the global supply chain. This can cut down journey times and distances that materials travel. Anglo Americans strategy is to protect the environment and minimize the impact of its operations. Anglo American also aims to make a sustainable and positive difference to community development. This involves acting with integrity to build respectful relationship within the societies in which it works. Task 5: IMPROVE ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE Anglo American is a multinational organization with a high profile in the primary extractive sector. Because many new mineral deposits are to be found in developing countries, some of which have weak governance, Anglo American recognizes that it must be rigorous in observing local laws, even if they are not always enforced. It has a significant role in supporting good governance initiatives and boosting the opportunities available to the communities associated with its mines. Anglo American is a global leader in commodities which consumers value such as platinum and diamonds. As a world leading mining company, it yields good returns for shareholders. However, it recognizes that it has a range of other stakeholders. Employees need good working conditions and fair rewards; local communities require an investment in safe practices that are sensitive to local needs. Behaving in a socially responsible way is therefore crucial to Anglo Americans aims. This is why its values are so important. Placing an emphasis on safety through the goal of zero harm can help Anglo American to win the confidence of many of its stakeholder groups. Concentrating on minimizing environmental impact also signals a respect for nature and local populations. Through its aims and objectives and in its values and strategic actions, Anglo American is able to demonstrate a commitment to optimizing energy use and minimizing waste production. It aims to create a mindset throughout the company that focuses on sustainable practice. This will win the support of governments, employees, local communities and other stakeholders.

Generation Ecstasy :: essays research papers

For my book report I read Generation Ecstasy. There was so much information in the book about the rave scene and "ecstasy", I didn't know where to begin. It's been ten years since the English seized on Detroit techno, Chicago house, and New York garage as the seeds of what's generally agreed-over there, at least-to be the most significant music since punk, and they're celebrating with a slew of historical studies. Simon Reynolds attempts to bridge the gap with "Generation Ecstasy," an exhaustive compendium of almost every rave-associated sound and idea, both half-baked and momentous, that traces the digital Diaspora back and forth across Europe and America. Using the multiple perspectives of music critic, enthusiastic participant, and sociological outsider to trace the development of dance music's "rhythmic phsycadelic," Reynolds, finds two predominant, contrasting strains: the search for gnosis, or spiritual revelation, and the desire to get completely out of it at the weekend. Setting these timeless traits in the context of the up-to-the-minute technology that made rave emblematic of its era-the fragmentary, fast-forward aesthetic, the flexible production and distribution network, the avoidance of personality and narrative in favor of sensation-he comes up with a portrait of hi-tech millennium that resonates well beyond its subculture confines. There are those who might find a book to analyze music that often aims for the effect of a sledgehammer to the head a mite pretentious. Yet the radicalism of dance music lies precisely in its "meaninglessness," which, paradoxically, requires intellectualization in order to get at its significance. This problem is particularly acute for Reynolds, who wants to both valorize everything about techno that makes it resistant to rock-crit "literary" analysis, and also explain exactly why it really did mean something, man. His central tool for resolving this contradiction is the idea of the "drug-tech interface": the reciprocal relationship between Ecstasy (and other less central intoxicants) and machine music that resulted in a feedback loop between sounds geared to enhance the rush, and rushes that inspired producers to take sound into new spaces. The drug-tech interface gives "Generation Ecstasy" a narrative backbone that applies again and again, ac ross continents and cultures from Texas, where Ecstasy culture first reared its head in the mid-'80s, to Scotland, Holland, and Germany. The story starts with the initial, utopic discovery of Ecstasy and its boundary-lowering qualities, and ends, with varying degrees of speed, with the descent into polydrug abuse and depression.

Discipline Problem Among Teenagers in College Essay

Every education center has their own rules as well as our college. The rules made to ensure our college system run smoothly. As a student, we must follow the rules but not violate it. We should be a role model to the next batch. Unfortunately, there are many discipline problem occurred in the first semester only such as skip class, sneak out, smoking, coupling and others. As we know, college students are the chosen one to continue their study in higher level of education after exam. But, our college still have various discipline problems that need to be minimizes. The meaning of discipline is a training expected to produce a specific character or pattern of behaviour especially training that produces moral or mental improvement. Based on the definition, we know that students in college has high standard education environment and have strict rules too. But, why does discipline problem still happen in our college? Why does this excellent student still make a discipline problem? Don’t they think that discipline problem that they make will affect their future? That’s why we want to investigate whether excellent students have fewer discipline problems or not. In our research, we have three main objectives that we will tag along until end of this project. The first main objective is to know whether excellent student has high discipline problem or not. Secondly, what is the most popular discipline problem in our college. Lastly, which gender has the higher discipline problem. Based on our research, we want to find out why does the students still make discipline problem instead obey the rules and what encourage them to make discipline problem. As we all, students of college, living in a hostel without no one guides us like at home, we tend to make mistake without knowing it as a discipline problem and we easier to be influence by our friends. That’s why we need to think other suitable method to solve the problem or at least minimize the number of discipline problem in our college that is after we done doing this research. After the exam result announced, we knew that excellent students would definitely stayed in this college. That’s why we will give our questionnaires to random students. Hence, we assume that excellent students have less record of discipline problem.

Spending Time with Goran essays

Spending Time with Goran essays He stood there staring intently at me. I smiled apprehensively, unsure of how to approach him. My eyes traced over his frail body, his oversized clothes, his lopsided glasses and the slight drool on the side of his mouth. I was scared. How should I introduce myself? Does he even know I am standing here? How would he react? Slowly I bent down to eye level with him and awkwardly held out my arms to him. Slowly but deliberately, I said, "Goran, my name is Stephanie...we will spend the next few days together to chat and play." His eyes keenly studied the contours of my face, but he remained motionless. The seconds ticked by, though it seemed like a lifetime. Finally, he flashed me a goofy grin which melted my heart and broke the ice between us. Spending time with Goran gave me the most profound experience of my life. He is a mentally handicapped ten-year-old boy with barely the IQ of a three-year-old. Unable to take care of himself or perform simple tasks, he is helpless in our society. With constant asthma attacks and frequent nosebleeds due to dehydration, Goran's daily life is one of never-ending struggle and frustration. Yet despite the adversities he faces daily, his optimism and spirit have not been dampened. Goran has a keen sense of compassion and immeasurable capacity to love. He shows this through his warm hugs and the way he offers his hand for me to hold. He has even mastered the skill of blowing fly kisses. Spending time with Goran made me respect him for who he is and made me realize that in spite of his inadequacies, he too is a human being, capable of crying, laughing, and of feeling joy and sadness. The happy moments I spent with Goran were vividly etched in my mind. Through sharing experiences together, I gave him the feeling that he was wonderful and loved, and he taught me how to strive under adverse situations, to create and cherish happy moments in life. I remember one experience when we made a kite out of c...

Free Essays on Accounting Practices For A Campground

ABSTRACT Small business enterprise suffers from many regulations, burdening tax laws, and big business marketing. Yet, for many people it is the American dream to own your own business. In today’s times, it is crucial that the small business be equipped to handle the task of operating like a big business. The small business owner must have a good understanding of accounting and how it can be used to benefit the enterprise. This paper will look at one unique area of small business, campground ownership. The paper will show how various aspects of accounting can be â€Å"put to work† so the owner can better use the time to manage the campground itself. Cash flow statements, the balance sheet; income statements, along with ratios associated with each area will be highlighted. The paper will look at these accounting principals from the perspective of the office manager, accountant, banker, and the owner/operator. Introduction Packing up the car for the one-hour drive along the coast of Lake Michigan to our favorite weekend destination, Hidden Valley Lake brings back fond memories. The excitement of spending the weekend leisurely swimming, hiking, fishing, and just playing in the woods at the campground was many boys dream. For the campground owner the task was much different, handling all kinds issues such as inventory, registration, cleaning, grounds keeping, and including accounting functions. Today the campground owner must be aware of the various aspects of campground ownership, such as RV business, marketing, taxes, regulations, and even more detailed accounting functions. Like any successful business, detailed and explicit accounting will enhance the enterprise. Background The camping industry has been steadily climbing and evolving. Over 6.9 million households own RVs and the industry is climbing. Campground reservations are up 15-25% for the southwest and even higher in the... Free Essays on Accounting Practices For A Campground Free Essays on Accounting Practices For A Campground ABSTRACT Small business enterprise suffers from many regulations, burdening tax laws, and big business marketing. Yet, for many people it is the American dream to own your own business. In today’s times, it is crucial that the small business be equipped to handle the task of operating like a big business. The small business owner must have a good understanding of accounting and how it can be used to benefit the enterprise. This paper will look at one unique area of small business, campground ownership. The paper will show how various aspects of accounting can be â€Å"put to work† so the owner can better use the time to manage the campground itself. Cash flow statements, the balance sheet; income statements, along with ratios associated with each area will be highlighted. The paper will look at these accounting principals from the perspective of the office manager, accountant, banker, and the owner/operator. Introduction Packing up the car for the one-hour drive along the coast of Lake Michigan to our favorite weekend destination, Hidden Valley Lake brings back fond memories. The excitement of spending the weekend leisurely swimming, hiking, fishing, and just playing in the woods at the campground was many boys dream. For the campground owner the task was much different, handling all kinds issues such as inventory, registration, cleaning, grounds keeping, and including accounting functions. Today the campground owner must be aware of the various aspects of campground ownership, such as RV business, marketing, taxes, regulations, and even more detailed accounting functions. Like any successful business, detailed and explicit accounting will enhance the enterprise. Background The camping industry has been steadily climbing and evolving. Over 6.9 million households own RVs and the industry is climbing. Campground reservations are up 15-25% for the southwest and even higher in the...

How are proffessional and managerial careers gendered and racialist Essay

How are proffessional and managerial careers gendered and racialist - Essay Example From this research it is clear that globalization and advancements in technology have led to the career advancement of women and fading of the cultural and feminist beliefs which have made women to increasingly participate in managerial and professional roles which were traditionally male dominated. Every individual despite his race is guaranteed by law a chance to develop in his career without any discrimination. This has however not always been the case since people from minority groups still face discrimination. Evidence from surveys conducted by Equality campaigner groups have shown that job applicants from minority races stood a higher of not being shortlisted for job interviews compared with white counterparts with similar qualifications. People from minority groups have been found to shy away from some professions due to perceived racial prejudice. Researchers have also shown that the racial background of an individual may determine their chances of getting into managerial job s. The government has however worked towards equality at job place by introducing stringent laws to guarantee equal opportunities for all. In professional careers, the role of gender is demonstrated by the perception of the society on the role of women in work activities. Some working environments such as construction and engineering work are considered to be hostile for women. According to Arditi and Balci, the perceptions and beliefs on gender and work continue to persist despite the fact that women have demonstrated the ability of performing duties which were considered to be meant for men.... Watts (2009, p. 23) illustrates that high profile organizations have been reported to show bias against women in the promotion into managerial positions. For example civil lawsuits have been staged by women against large organizations and companies such as Wal-Mart for allegation of gender bias in the appointment, promotion and compensation of female employees as compared to the male counterparts. Fisher, Gushue and Cerrone (2011, p. 447) assert that women in the UK’s construction industry who work as engineers face challenges in balancing the professional and domestic life because of the obligations they are expected to meet at home and the pressure at work. The cultural context and belief of the society on the participation of women in construction work show that men are considered to be most suited for the construction work. According to Watts (2009, p. 37), women face prejudice when working in a male dominated career because some roles and work activities are considered to be meant for men. The number of women within the construction industry is increasing despite the challenges and the prejudice associated with this career. The ability of women to survive in the male dominated career shows that they are qualified to be part of the team and it is contributing to the reduction of the discrimination in hiring female engineers. Therefore the professional identity of women in some managerial and professional careers is facing conflicts and challenges but they are decreasing with the growing civilization within world societies. It is notable that gender discrimination in managerial and professional careers is not always apparently

Market Segmentation and Muslim Loyalty Assignment

Market Segmentation and Muslim Loyalty - Assignment Example The purpose of this literature review is to investigate published literature on general market segmentation theory, the impact of that segmentation practice upon loyalty and customer satisfaction within various constituencies, the application of those principles specifically to the Muslim community, as well as frame a research inquiry to test the theory of the segmentation approach to the Muslim market within a specific retail setting. Within any market, there are many different constituencies with commonalities in product need; and these varied customers can be divided or segmented into groups which may share a similar need for any particular product. As Claycamp and Massy point out, "markets and the customers who make up those markets are not homogeneous" (1968, p. 34), and any company utilizing a successful business model will need to group those customers according to their similarities so that products can be tailored to meet demand. As early as the middle of the 20th century, the idea of dividing a market into groups of customers who share a similar need or desire for a particular product, i.e., segmentation, was advanced (Smith, 1956, pp. 3-8). The principle of segmentation is relatively straightforward; by successfully targeting a specific consumer group with particular needs, the company can focus its product development and promotional strategies into meeting those needs and gain a competitive edge (Abel l, 1980, p. 8). While there are those who see an overemphasis on segmentation as "ironic" and "lead[ing]...in a direction that is opposite of what is really needed to build brand loyalty" (Anshuetz, 1997, p. 65), the vast majority of scholars would concur with Swenson that market segmentation experts are carefully regarded in the corporate world and that the "continued segmentation" of markets can certainly be expected to propel business forward "well into the twenty-first century" (1990, p. xiii). It should be noted that product differentiation is an important aspect of gaining market share and, because market segmentation should be used to increase the market share of a product within those segments as well, "product differentiation and market segmentation should be used together" (Greco, et al., 2003, p. 210). While these principles are true within domestic markets, they are particularly applicable to those companies engaged in international retail business. As Craft notes, prior to the mid-1970s, "market segmentation was viewed primarily as a domestic strategy" (2004, p. 40) and there was little scholarship with regard to international marketing theory. In 1972, however, Wind and Douglas recognized the nature as well as direction of global business and argued that segmentation was not just for domestic sales, but might be even more important in international markets due to the fact that they are more diverse (1972, pp. 17-25). As will be demonstrated in subsequent sections, the segmentation of the Muslim market by international companies, particularly those in the retail grocery industry, is critical. In Craft's study, it was noted that the organizations under